***Thank you to VALERIE WHITE of Vista High School, for all her help.  All APAH content and information made  possible from her hard work.  
Also, thank you to Dr. Robert Coad for his guidance and materials.



​FLASHCARD IMAGES

​SOUTH AMERICA
1. CHAVIN DE HUANTER (PERU)
       - AERIAL PLAN
       - NOSE ORNAMENT
       - LANZON STELA
       - JAGUAR RELIEF SCULPTURE
2. YAXCHILAN 
       -STRUCTURE 40 (MEXICO)
       - LINTEL 25, STRUCTURE 23
       - STRUCTURE 33
3. TEMPLO MAYOR (MEXICO)
        - THE COYOLXAUHQUI MONOLITH
        - THE CALENDAR STONE (SUN STONE)
        - OLMEC-STYLE MASK
6. RULER'S FEATHER HEADDRESS (AZTEC) (MOTECUHZOMA II?)
7. CITY CUSCO (PERU)
         - QORIKANCHA
         - WALLS AT SAQSA WAMAN
8. MAIZE COBS (PERU, INKA)
9. CITY OF MACHU PICCHU (PERU)
         - OBSERVATORY
         - INTIHUATANA STONE
10. ALL-T'OQAPU TUNIC (INKA)

NORTH AMERICA
11. MESA VERDE CLIFF DWELLINGS (COLORADO)
12. SERPENT MOUND (OHIO)
13. TRANSFORMATION MASK (CANADA)
14. BANDOLIER BAG (E. WOODLANDS)
15. PAINTED ELK HIDE (WYOMING)
16. BLACK ON BLACK CERAMIC VESSEL (NEW MEXICO)


​
VOCABULARY
1. MESOAMERICA
2. PRE-COLUMBIAN
3. ANATROPIC
4. ORACLE
5. AXIS MUNDI
6. EFFIGY MOUND
7. EARTHWORK
8. ASHLAR MASONRY (DRY STONE TECHNIQUE)
9. LATTICE
10. COMB ROOF
11. CORBEL ARCH 
12.. REPOUSSE
13, CONTOUR RIVALRY
14. CHACMOOL
15. AMANTECA
16. TRAPEZOID
17. APU
18. TERRACE




​MAJOR CIVILIZATIONS
Andes Civilizations
  • Chavin (900-200 BCE) Coastal Peru
  • Inca or Inka (1400-1521) Peru (no writing but a kept a record system, khipu)
Mesoamerica
  • Mayan (300-900 CE) Belize, Gautemala, Honduras, Yucatan
  • Aztecs (1400-1521) Central Mexico
North America
  • Anasazi (550-1400 CE) American Southwest
  • Mississippian (800-1500 CE) Eastern United States
  • NW Coast Native American (18th c- present) Pacific Northwest



QUICK HISTORY
  • Indigenous cultures of North America date back to 10,000 BCE but  most artifacts date only from the last 2,000 years
  • Geography plays a huge role in Andean Art. Coastal plains acted individually while in the mountains they united against the elements.
  • Old civilizations are used as foundations for new ones. (building upon preexisting sites)
  • Artworks were often part of a workshop where many worked on one piece
  • Pre-Columbian cultures occupy what is now Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and parts of El Salvador before Christopher Columbus invaded the area
  • The Aztec Empire was the dominant power in Mesoamerica before Henan Cortes overthrew them
  • Developed huge city-states that prominently featured temple complexes rivaling any on Earth
  • Rapid decline of civilizations in the 16th c. due to the introduction of disease by the Europeans
  • With the arrival of the Europeans, the native people of North and South America were destroyed and persecuted. Archeology, oral tradition, documents, and museum records are the basis for research. 

​​
Further Reading/Links:
-  National Geographic Article on Inca Child Sacrifices
-  Information on Psilocybin, used in rituals from prehistoric times to the Aztecs
-  Article on the "Trails of Tears" (North America) from History.com

Inspired by the beadwork of the Native Americans and the feather work of the Aztec, will be making beaded, feathered keychains!  Obviously the key chain is a modern twist, but the beautiful colors and textures of the materials used harken back to the incredible of art of those cultures.